Concrete history
This is the second-century concrete and reinforced concrete rightfully considered the most massive construction materials. Parts of these materials gradually entered everyday builders, and now the process of updating zhelezobetonschykov arsenal is not complete (for example, talking about all kinds of additives). Began he, obviously, the implementation of tart. BC Some historians and researchers say that in the era of metals (3200-1500 years BC. E.) lime slurry is used in construction. And in 100 BC Romans used to destroy cement and stone fillers. Twenty years ago, the world circled assumption Swiss professor, chemist Joseph Davidovitsa on artificial production units, which made a pyramid of Giza. Obstezhuyuchy limestone blocks, it is in the stone mass of one of them found a human hair. Inside the stone hair could be in only one case: if the batch solution, he fell into the mixture from the head worker. Hypothesis Davidovitsa removes many otherwise insoluble contradictions. In particular, if the resulting cast blocks of concrete at construction sites may be only half of thousands of workers, not thousands. Most decisive opponent Davidovitsa was an Italian Egyptologist Sergio Donadoni. He recalled revealed many limestone blocks of the pyramid custom label - whether corporate branding their manufacturer, or badges, technologically appropriate, to facilitate stacking. This marking is justified only if it leaves kamenerizy. Any vidlyly concrete blocks, stamps would lose every sense. But Davidovits not wondered. The result of his continuing search for a stele period III dynasty. Decoded characters contained recipe ancient concrete. Swiss professor found 13 components staroyehypetskoho prescription patented "new old" concrete and started its commercial production, zasekretyvshy, mind etsya, know how. Russian traveler Vitaly Sundakov believes that the limestone dust and sand, soaked with water, fully able to form a solid mass. Head of the laboratory of chemical additives and modified concrete NIYIZHB, Honored Scientist of Russia, PhD, Professor Batrakov commented on the situation thus: the construction of the ancient world could meet soil, clay, limestone, and the harsh chemicals often a so-called kypilka - nevodostiyke lime . But in Italy found the silica, which in appearance resembles sand, but more ryhlyy, here it is-it just adds consume water resistance. In the opinion of Professor Batrakov can not be excluded that a part of sandstone - the stone from which built pyramids - lime contained, but the flood brought Nyla ryhlyy sand. This mixture could be the basis for an analogue of concrete. In the 1881 classic of Egyptology August Pitri William Flinders explored the facing plates, which previously covered the verge of the Great Pyramid. Then raise zhiya in the Great Pyramid was still enough many of these boards, dropped from a height of the earthquake in 1301 scientist discovered that the wide gaps between the slabs of all pivmilimetra filled with cement. That material, which, according to the existing history of technology in ancient Egypt could not simply be: cement invented only in the XIX century. Professor of the Assumptions Batrakov hipsovapnyani mixture unstable to water, as was confirmed in practice Egyptology. On principle, to use Egyptians hipsovapnyanyh mixtures indicated in his works known materialoved Vladimir Jung: in stock Hefrena stone blocks of the pyramid, sphinx and tombs Sahour, he noted the presence destroy, sulfuric anhydride and carbon dioxide. Vitaly Sundakov argues that above fifty meters to the lateral surface of limestone blocks preserved prints rushy mat. When stretching mat on a wooden frame out the shield casing. By thinking Sundakov, the ancient Egyptians prepared concrete as follows: roztyraly limestone powder to the state (not without reason during excavations in the camp craft millstones found that, apparently, and used for grinding stone). Then, as Connecting using river silt. In the literature of ancient Egypt mentions that the dry leaves tsementoobraznuyu Nilotic mud crust. The reason is high in mula weight of aluminum oxide. Thus, the composition of concrete staroyehypetskoho Sundakov traveler finds the following: limestone rubble with the addition of 5% is limestone powder and 5% of river mula. One mizhplytkovyh pyramid arched seams. One pellet stoves exactly corresponds uhnutosti another.
